Remembering Joe Baxter: A travelling Evangelist and Fighter for Homeowners' Rights in West Lothian

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The passing of Joe Baxter at the age of 83 marks the end of an era for the community of West Lothian, as they bid farewell to a man whose life was defined by unwavering determination, faith, and service. 

Joe Baxter's journey, from RAF pilot to Senior Contract Accountant to traveling Evangelist, is a testament to the resilience of the human spirit and the power of standing up for what is right.

Now, a grieving community stands united in its plea for a road to be dedicated in honor of the devoted servant of God and stalwart of the community.

Eighteen years ago, a travelling evangelist, Joe Baxter, found himself ensnared in the aftermath of a crippling financial debacle triggered by revelations of shoddy construction involving bubbly concrete in his residence. Baxter, a seasoned Senior Contract Accountant turned itinerant preacher of the Gospel, had once proudly served his nation as an RAF high-diver and technical engineer until a perforated eardrum permanently grounded him, leading to his medical discharge.

Mr. Baxter, along with ten other steadfast homeowners, defiantly contested the decision of West Lothian Council to demolish 86 homes in the Deans South Area. These homes had been sold to unsuspecting ex-council tenants without adequate compensation. While 76 homeowners succumbed to accepting meager payments, which barely scratched the surface of their homes' true value, Mr. Baxter, his wife Isabel, and a group of nine fellow homeowners refused to yield. They endured nearly two decades of hardship, living in homes condemned due to RAAC/Siporex roofing, in a community ghettoized by the council's neglect to maintain an area they sought to clear.  Yet, their resilience and unyielding resolve persevered, eventually leading to the construction of 10 new homes on the site by Springfield Homes. Their tenacity breathed new life into the community, offering a glimmer of hope for a fresh start to all those affected.

Tragically, Joe Baxter did not live to witness the realization of his dream—the handover of his new bungalow—as he passed away at the age of 83 from a debilitating blood cancer. This illness presented significant challenges in his later years. However, despite the obstacles he faced, Joe confronted each day with remarkable courage and acceptance, finding comfort in the resolution of the housing issue and the assurance that his beloved wife, Isabel, would receive the home they both yearned for.

Kerry, a neighbor of the Baxters and leader of the campaign for over two decades, expressed profound sorrow at the loss of a pillar of the community, someone who had been like a father to her. Throughout the arduous campaign for justice, she had often relied on Mr. Baxter for support and drew inspiration from his unwavering hope and steadfast prayers. His absence left a void in the hearts of many, yet his legacy of resilience and compassion continues to inspire those who knew him.

Joe Baxter was born in Glasgow in October 1940 and passed away at the age of 83, surrounded by his loving family. He married Isabella Sneddon in September 1962, and together they raised three children: Graham, Ruth, and Mark. Their family grew over the years to include eight grandchildren and one great-grandchild.

Kerry fondly reminisced about her close relationship with Joe and Isabel, describing them as more than just neighbors—they were like family to her. She credited Joe and Isabel with giving her the strength and determination to continue fighting for justice. She vividly recalled the moment when Joe and Isabel resolved not to surrender their home and instead decided to fight for their rights. Now, after two decades of perseverance, their efforts have borne fruit with the construction of a new house. Kerry is determined to see justice served in honor of Joe and Isabel, carrying their legacy forward with unwavering resolve.  

Kerry beautifully expressed, "Joe was the kindest, most caring, and inspirational person I have ever met. I am incredibly grateful to have had him in my life. He was dearly loved by all who knew him. I would regularly see Joe and Isobel, and we supported each other in our fight for a new home and justice with WLC."

"As an Evangelist Christian, Joe always said a prayer and thanked the Lord for our lives and the food we shared when I visited for tea and biscuits. I found these moments very peaceful."

"Joe was wonderful, always smiling and ensuring everyone else was okay. He had a deep love for his garden and enjoyed watching the birds. We often chatted about nature and admired how beautiful his roses looked. Sitting in his garden with Isobel, enjoying the nice weather, was a cherished experience."

Mr. Baxter answered the call to preach the gospel full-time as an Evangelist in 1986. He quickly became known for his travels across the UK and beyond, spreading the message of Christ while remaining firmly rooted in the Christian Brethren Church, a member of the Gospel Hall in Livingston for 58 years.

During this period, he discovered a profound sense of purpose, finding true fulfillment in preaching, visiting, encouraging, and leading souls to Christ. He dedicated himself wholeheartedly to this mission until around the age of 75, when the limitations of an aging body began to restrict his ability to continue sharing the Gospel in the same capacity. However, his faithfulness to the God he served never wavered. Despite being unable to engage in extensive campaigns, he persisted in personal visits and continued preaching at occasional gospel meetings, remaining a steadfast beacon of faith and dedication until the end.

In 2020, Mr. Baxter received a diagnosis of MDS (myelodysplastic syndrome), requiring twice-weekly treatments at St. John's Hospital for blood and platelets. Despite the challenges posed by his illness, he remained steadfast in his treatments. However, a tragic fall in January 2024 altered the course of his journey, causing his treatments to lose their efficacy.

During this tumultuous period, Mr. Baxter witnessed the near completion of his new home, a beacon of hope amid his health struggles. Despite uncertainty about his own ability to inhabit the new space, he expressed profound gratitude to God that his wife would have a beautiful home to call her own, where she could live out the remainder of her days in comfort and peace. This selfless act of love and gratitude epitomized Mr. Baxter's unwavering faith and devotion to his family.

Ruth Robertson (58 yrs), his daughter, shared, "Dad fully comprehended that he might not be here to step into his new home, but he found solace in knowing that the matter had been settled and that Mum would receive the home she truly deserved. He harbored no concerns about that whatsoever. He is now at peace in his mansion in heaven."

A solemn service was held on 8th April 2024, for Mr. Baxter at Livingston Old Parish St. Andrew's Church in Deans, attended by around 300 mourners. The community has been deeply shaken by the loss of this paternal figure, whose presence was a guiding light to many. His legacy of faith, love, and selflessness will continue to resonate within the hearts of all who knew him.

Calls for a road to be dedicated to Mr. Baxter in acknowledgment of his significant contributions to the community and his unwavering 18-year struggle have gained momentum. Wilson Chowdhry, representing the UK RAAC Campaign Group, took the initiative to reach out to developers Springfield Housing. Following discussions with a senior figure, it has been agreed that a formal request will be drafted and submitted to the council for approval.

Mr. Chowdhry expressed, "We have initiated this campaign to rally support for honoring a man who dedicated his life in service to God and his community. His remarkable strength of character continues to inspire us all." The movement seeks to immortalize Mr. Baxter's legacy and ensure that future generations recognize and appreciate his enduring impact on the community.

Please sign our petition for Joe Baxter Way (here)

A poignant banner will be crafted in honor of Mr. Baxter to be utilized during ongoing protests for justice on behalf of thousands of other homeowners facing similar challenges. Though devoid of imagery, the banner will bear the following inscription:

Joe Baxter (RIP) October 1940 – March 2024 

Thank you for the inspiration! 

"I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith: Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his appearing." 2 Timothy 4:7-8

This banner will serve as a powerful reminder of Mr. Baxter's unwavering determination and his commitment to righteousness. It symbolizes solidarity with those who continue to fight for justice, carrying forward Mr. Baxter's legacy of resilience and advocacy.

Council Meeting: Funding for RAAC Homeowners—Deputation & Protest Announced

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Please join our UK RAAC Campaign Group Facebook page.

Aberdeen City Council (ACC) has declined to offer assistance to homeowners who purchased former council properties constructed with Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (RAAC) in their roofs. This is despite the risk of collapse (click here).

Certain homeowners suspect there may be undisclosed motives behind ACC's decision, particularly in light of their consideration to demolish existing Balnagask council homes. For further details, please refer to the linked article (here).

A report regarding the consideration of funding for homeowners will be presented at the Communities, Housing, and Public Protection Committee, located at Aberdeen City Council's Town House, on May 30th. Hannah Chowdhry and Wilson Chowdhry will lead a deputation and are urging as many residents as possible to join them in a protest on that day. In an email to Hannah Chowdhry, the council stated:

"There is due to be a report on the agenda regarding available funding opportunities to support private owners."

We currently have three protests organised:

Aberdeen City Council Protest led by Torry Community RAAC Campaign

Time: 9am - 10.00 am
Date: 30th May 2024
Location: Marischal College, Broad Street, Aberdeen AB10 1AB
Event: Gather in the public square for a rallying point before we proceed to the Town House at 10:30 am. At this time, Hannah and Wilson Chowdhry will present a crucial deputation to the Communities, Housing and Public Protection Committee. Protesters are encouraged to join us in the public gallery to observe the proceedings. Let's stand together and make our voices heard in solidarity.

Wilson Chowdhry implores Aberdeen City Council to listen to its people.

Scottish Parliament Protest by UK RAAC CAmpaign Group:

Date: 11th May 2024

Location: Scottish Parliament Building, Holyrood, Edinburgh, EH99

Event: Protest for new laws to protect homeowners, a national fund for Scottish communities affected by RAAC, and a public inquiry into how councils have dealt with RAAC.

West Lothian City Council Protest led by UK RAAC Campaign Group

Time: 9am - 10am
Date: 14th May 2024
Location: Civic Centre, Howden South Road, Livingston, West Lothian, EH54 6FF
Event: Join us for a peaceful protest outside the Civic Centre from 9am to 10am, coinciding with the Full Council Meeting where Wilson Chowdhry, Kerry MacKintosh, and Ashleigh Mitchell will be addressing crucial issues.

We'll have a powerful PA system and megaphone at both evenst to ensure our voices are heard. Bring your passion and enthusiasm, along with any homemade banners and posters you'd like to share. Let's make a statement together with our loud voices and compassionate hearts.

Please sign our petition (here) if you haven't already, and encourage your friends and family to do the same. Together, in solidarity, we can combat the bureaucratic indifference that jeopardizes the financial stability of thousands of individuals across the UK, pushing them towards homelessness. Let's unite to make a difference and ensure everyone has a safe place to call home.

Formal Process Initiated to Address Council Tax Concerns in RAAC-Affected Properties

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Please join our UK RAAC Campaign Group Facebook page.

During a Torry Community Council meeting at the Greyhope Community Hub on April 17, 2024, a member of the audience raised a concerning issue regarding residents in Torry who are still being charged full council tax for properties that now have zero equity and are unsellable or unrentable. This situation has understandably created frustration among homeowners and tenants in an already deprived community, as they feel that the council is exploiting them financially.

Mr. Wilson Chowdhry, one of the invited delegates at the meeting, was approached by a gentleman afterward, who asked him to pursue this matter with Aberdeen City Council. However, despite efforts to contact the council, no response has been received. As a result, Mr. Chowdhry has researched the best approach for RAAC-related residents across the UK to appeal collectively.

The recommended process is for each affected individual to first contact their local council. While the process described here is specific to Aberdeen City Council, similar procedures can be found for other councils. For assistance, individuals can reach out to Wilson Chowdhry at wilson@aasecurity.co.uk.

The initial step involves registering your concern on the Aberdeen City Council website, using the provided link: https://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/log-or-register-online-services

The portal will prompt you to provide your home address, contact details, and council tax reference. Please ensure you have this information ready. You will then be asked to specify the reason for your complaint. It is suggested to use language similar to the following:

"During the Community Housing and Public Protection Committee meeting on March 28, 2024, Aberdeen City Council's Chief Housing Officer, Stephen Booth, addressed the RAAC crisis in Balnagask. He clarified that there was currently no plan for a Compulsory Purchase Order and explained the council's limitations in repurchasing properties due to revenue constraints. This likely refers to the council's reluctance to repurchase properties with zero or near-zero equity.

"Regarding the impact on council tax, if properties are now valued at zero or near-zero equity due to RAAC, it raises questions about the assessment for council tax purposes. Specifically, are RAAC-riddled homes in Balnagask now exempt from council tax or subject to a reduced rate?

"I urgently seek clarification on this matter to determine the appropriate course of action. If necessary, I will escalate my concerns to the Grampian Assessor and  Electoral Registration Officers Department under Council Tax Appeals. Your prompt advice on this issue would be greatly appreciated. For further context, you can review Stephen Booth's comments via this link: https://wilsonsthirdway.blogspot.com/2024/04/over-50-protestors-gathered-for-rally.html

You could also add: 

"Additionally, Hannah Chowdhry has reached out to Purple Bricks Estate Agents to request a valuation for potential use in any future Compulsory Purchase Order proceedings. However, they have declined her request and confirmed that due to structural defects, selling a local property is not feasible. I have attached evidence below for your reference."

Attach this:

I would repeat the information above in an appeal to the Grampian Assessor using the details below which I have taken from Aberdeen City Council's website. Of course add your details to the email.

Your Council Tax charge is based on the valuation band of the property. If you think that your property is in the wrong valuation band please contact the Grampian Assessor, Woodhill House, Westburn Road, Aberdeen, AB16 5GE or by telephone 01224 068400 or via email at assessor@grampian-vjb.gov.uk.

Or complete their on line form (here). You will need to search for your property, click on the correct address box and then submit a proposal.  We have shared a draft that you can use which can be copied from this link (click here)

Wilson Chowdhry, representing the UK RAAC Campaign, stated:

"While I cannot guarantee that this process will yield immediate results, it will undoubtedly prompt an investigation into the matter and elicit a response that we can collectively evaluate for our next course of action."

"It's important to note that this is a formal procedure that the council is obligated to address."

"The criteria for proposing an appeal may seem vague, but it stipulates that any significant reduction in property value resulting from factors such as demolition, changes in the neighborhood, or modifications to accommodate physical disabilities warrants consideration. It's worth noting that a decrease in value due to general market fluctuations is not taken into account for council tax purposes."

"We must now wait and see what responses we receive. However, by working together as a collective, we can exert the necessary pressure on decision-makers to address this issue effectively.""While I cannot guarantee that this process will yield immediate results, it will undoubtedly prompt an investigation into the matter and elicit a response that we can collectively evaluate for our next course of action."

Below is an extract taken from the Grampian and Electoral Registration Officer website:

"A material reduction in value may result from the demolition of any part of the dwelling, any change in the physical state of its locality or any adaptation of the dwelling to suit a person who is physically disabled. A reduction in value caused, for a example, by a downturn in the housing market, does not count for Council Tax purposes."

A protest is now being organised for 12pm outside the Scottish Parliament Building, Holyrood, Edinburgh, EH99 on 11th May 2024. We will update you with more information soon.

Challenges and Advocacy in Addressing RAAC Housing Issues: A Closer Look at Recent Developments

Wilson Chowdhry leading a protest before Full Council Committee Meeting on 17th April 2024

Image: Kirstie Topp/Local Democracy Reporting Service

Please sign our petition (click here)

Please join our UK RAAC Campaign Group Facebook page.

Communities affected by RAAC across Scotland vow to intensify their campaign following the Scottish First Secretary's announcement of the largest funding allocation ever. 

The Secretary reiterated that addressing the RAAC issue falls under the purview of the Scottish Government and Scottish Local Authorities.

Additionally, the Scottish Housing Minister has indicated that funding for homeowners is not off the table, especially in light of new protests emerging across Scotland.

Image: Kirstie Topp/Local Democracy Reporting Service

In March 2024, the Scottish Housing Regulator confirmed the presence of RAAC in 1,994 homes across Scotland, a significantly higher number than in any other country in the UK (click here). This underscores the urgency for the Scottish Government to address the RAAC issue. 

The thirteen Social landlords reporting Raac in homes in Scotland are:

 

• Aberdeen City Council
• Almond Housing Association Ltd
• Angus Council
• Bield Housing & Care
• The City of Edinburgh Council
• Clackmannanshire Council
• Dundee City Council
• North Lanarkshire Council
• Sanctuary Scotland Housing Association Ltd
• South Lanarkshire Council
• Stirling Council
• Viewpoint Housing Association Ltd
• West Lothian Council

The persistent campaigning by affected communities is beginning to yield results, with the Scottish Housing Minister, Paul McLennan, indicating a willingness to consider funding for homeowners. According to a report by STV, any funding decisions for Aberdeen's RAAC Social Housing will be made within six months. While this statement specifically refers to Aberdeen, its implications will resonate across all RAAC-affected communities in Scotland. You can view the STV report:

Confirmation has indeed been provided by Scotland's First Secretary, Alistair Jack, affirming that the nation has received unprecedented funding from the UK (click here). This underscores the crucial role of the Scottish Government and Scottish local authorities in spearheading efforts to address the RAAC Social Housing crises. Such clarity is invaluable to campaigners, enabling us to direct our advocacy towards the appropriate entities, including the Welsh Assembly, Northern Ireland Assembly, and UK Parliament, based on geographical relevance. Securing these essential funds is paramount for aiding homeowners and private tenants who have been neglected, especially in cases where RAAC-infested properties have been uncovered.

Moreover, this development will bolster ongoing campaigns aimed at securing heightened funding and support for council tenants. These campaigns serve as a crucial reminder of the insufficiency of current support budgets, a reality further underscored by recurring incidents such as that of Erica Mitchell. Erica Mitchell's case is emblematic, as she rejected her initial offer for relocation due to its failure to address most of her specific needs. Click (here) for more details on her story.

Residents braved the weather to have their concerns heard.

Image: Kirstie Topp/Local Democracy Reporting Service

Protests persist as Mr. Wilson Chowdhry spearheaded a demonstration at Aberdeen City Council on April 17th. He hoped that his daughter, Hannah Chowdhry's request for a deputation, would be granted, supported by a motion put forward by Cllr Michael Kusznir advocating for RAAC homeowners' assistance. However, the Lord Provost, David Cameron, declined the deputation request on April 15th, just two days prior to the Full Council Meeting, citing a technicality. According to standing orders, any deputation must be linked to a report discussed on a committee agenda.

Despite this setback, Cllr Michael Kusznir proposed a vote to suspend standing orders and permit Hannah and Wilson Chowdhry to address the council. Regrettably, the vote failed with a count of 19-22. To exacerbate matters, the favorable motion proposed by Michael Kusznir was removed from the agenda and deferred to the next Communities, Housing, and Public Protection Meeting.  A meeting where matters necessitating significant financing cannot be voted upon.Hannah will register a deputation for the upcoming meeting, and we are planning to hold a protest on that day.

Wilson Chowdhry, representing the UK RAAC Campaign Group, expressed:

"We are understandably puzzled by the decision to prevent us from addressing the Full Council Committee and instead redirecting the discussion on RAAC to a Communities Housing and Public Protection Committee (CHPPC) meeting, orchestrated by the SNP local government.

"This maneuver leaves us in a frustratingly familiar position, unable to advance our cause as the CHPPC lacks the authority to make financial decisions. It's evident that this is a deliberate delay tactic.

"Despite this setback, there have been positive developments elsewhere, such as Scotland's Government securing record funding. Additionally, the Housing Minister's openness to considering funding for homeowners is a promising sign."

"Now that we have clarity on whom to approach for the essential funds to alleviate the financial burdens faced by families amidst the RAAC crisis, our focus shifts accordingly.

"We will intensify our efforts towards regional governments and the local authorities that initially regrettably turned a blind eye to our pleas for assistance.

"Our commitment to protest, submit deputations, lodge appeals, and advocate for our cause through our petition remains unwavering."

A protest is now being organised for 12pm outside the Scottish Parliament Building, Holyrood, Edinburgh, EH99 on 11th May 2024. We will update you with more information soon.

Stand Against Bureaucratic Indifference: Join the Protest, Sign the Petition to Protect Financial Stability and Prevent Homelessness

Please join our UK RAAC Campaign Group Facebook page.

UK RAAC Campaign Group is pleased to announce that two protests will be taking place in Scotland as communities ramp up the response to the UK's RAAC crises.

Aberdeen City Council Protest led by Torry Community RAAC Campaign

Time: 9am - 10.30 am
Date: 17th April 2024
Location: Marischal College, Broad Street, Aberdeen AB10 1AB

Event:  Gather in the public square for a rallying point before we proceed to the Town House at 10:30 am. At this time, Hannah and Wilson Chowdhry will present a crucial deputation to the Full Council Committee. Protesters are encouraged to join us in the public gallery to observe the proceedings. Let's stand together and make our voices heard in solidarity.

West Lothian City Council Protest led by UK RAAC Campaign Group

Time: 9am - 10am
Date: 14th May 2024
Location: Civic Centre, Howden South Road, Livingston, West Lothian, EH54 6FF

Event:  Join us for a peaceful protest outside the Civic Centre from 9am to 10am, coinciding with the Full Council Meeting where Wilson Chowdhry, Kerry MacKintosh, and Ashleigh Mitchell will be addressing crucial issues. 

We'll have a powerful PA system and megaphone at both evenst to ensure our voices are heard. Bring your passion and enthusiasm, along with any homemade banners and posters you'd like to share. Let's make a statement together with our loud voices and compassionate hearts.

Please sign our petition (here) if you haven't already, and encourage your friends and family to do the same. Together, in solidarity, we can combat the bureaucratic indifference that jeopardizes the financial stability of thousands of individuals across the UK, pushing them towards homelessness. Let's unite to make a difference and ensure everyone has a safe place to call home.  

Uncertainty Looms Over Knights Estate Residents in Basildon: An Inside Look at Siporex Housing Concerns

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In the sprawling landscape of modern cities, amidst towering skyscrapers and bustling streets, lie pockets of communities often overlooked and neglected. One such enclave is the Knights Estate, Basildon, a place where Angelica Malone has called home since 2010. But what began as another ordinary day in her council tenancy took a sharp turn last September when an unexpected message landed in her Facebook inbox from an ITV researcher.

The message wasn't about a new reality show or a local event. Instead, it brought to light a matter of grave concern—the safety of the Siporex in buildings on her estate. For years, the estate had been relatively quiet, save for the closure of a nearby surgery due to structural concerns. The ominous crack running down its side served as a constant reminder of potential danger lurking in the background.

A huge crack is visible on the front of a former doctor's surgery.

However, the revelation of potential structural issues struck a nerve among the residents, including Malone. Living in close proximity to the troubled building, their concerns quickly escalated. What if their homes were unsafe too? What would happen to them if the worst-case scenario unfolded?

Malone's status as a council tenant provided some semblance of relief from the financial burden that homeowners would face in such a situation. Yet, the spectre of uncertainty loomed large over the already economically deprived community. Most residents, including Malone, lived paycheck to paycheck, making an unexpected move a daunting prospect fraught with financial peril.

In the days following the ITV researcher's message, reporters and surveyors descended upon the estate, conducting assessments and investigations. The council, too, sprang into action, initiating surveys to gauge the stability of the buildings. Intrusive examinations delved into the very structure of the cement ceilings, searching for reassurance amidst the uncertainty.

Despite the flurry of activity, answers remained elusive. Speculation swirled, whispers of impending redevelopment adding to the residents' unease. Malone, no stranger to adversity, maintained a pragmatic outlook, her frustration evident in her text messages. Amidst the chaos, one beacon of hope emerged—Alison, their council contact, whose empathy and support provided a glimmer of solace in turbulent times.

As the days turned into weeks, a handful of families found themselves uprooted from their homes, transferred to unknown destinations. Yet, for the majority, including Malone and her neighbors, the waiting game continued. With no concrete updates forthcoming, uncertainty became their constant companion.

For Malone, the situation weighed heavily on her shoulders, especially when it came to reassuring her daughter. The fear of the unknown cast a shadow over their daily lives, making each passing day a test of resilience.

"We have received no formal letters regarding the situation," Angelica expressed.

"We don't know what lies ahead for us," 

"I can't afford to have my kids' schools (both primary and secondary) uprooted, nor can I risk losing my job," Angelica emphasized.

Yet, amidst the uncertainty and apprehension, a collective resolve emerged among Malone and her neighbors. They refused to be marginalized or overlooked, adamant that the council's responsibility extended beyond mere housing. Their voices, once drowned out by neglect, grew louder, demanding accountability and action.

"My main fear is upheaval and instability, or being at the mercy of the council's decisions. I want to move house once, not several times," Angelica emphasized.

As the uncertainty surrounding the structural integrity of the Knights Estate continues to loom large, the voices of its residents grow louder, each one painting a poignant picture of fear, frustration, and resilience. Among them is Teagan, the daughter of Angelica Malone, whose poignant words offer a glimpse into the emotional turmoil experienced by those caught in the throes of housing insecurity.

Teagan's story is one of resilience tinged with despair, her aspirations dimmed by the shadows of uncertainty. A diligent student in year 12, her academic prowess once shone brightly, with A's and A-stars adorning her A-level grades. Yet, in the wake of the housing crisis gripping her community, her once-illuminated path has dimmed, her grades slipping to B's as the weight of uncertainty bears down upon her. Teagan lamented her current situation:

"I'm finding it hard to focus on studying; the stress is overwhelming. The uncertainty of not knowing where I'll be living is incredibly demotivating. There are times when I feel like giving up on my studies altogether."

The challenges extend beyond academics, permeating every aspect of Teagan's life. With no clarity on their future residence, the prospect of uprooting her family—two younger siblings included—from the familiar confines of their community casts a dark shadow over her aspirations. The logistics of relocation, compounded by the intricacies of managing multiple school transitions and commuting to work, threaten to derail the very foundation of stability upon which their lives were built.

Teagan's distress is palpable as she navigates the labyrinth of uncertainty, her once-stable home now teetering on the brink of upheaval. The revelation of asbestos lurking beneath the floors adds another layer of fear, the spectre of danger looming large over their heads. She said:

"Despite the looming threat of our building's collapse, we have yet to receive any offers of alternative housing. The situation is terrifying, especially considering the actions taken by Morgan Sindall, the contractor responsible for the council's properties. They deemed the situation so perilous for one local family that they had to resort to suspending their ceiling with Acroprops. This emergency measure forced the family into temporary accommodation, located on the other side of town. The upheaval was immense, compounded by the additional financial burden of covering the costs of relocating items such as their dishwasher and oven."

Condemned buildings are now boarded with metal.

"Even more alarming is the fact that two buildings have already been condemned, and the council has not boarded them up with the usual wooden boards but with large sheets of metal. This suggests to me that the buildings are unsafe. Additionally, we have now been told that there is asbestos in the floor, further adding to the sense of danger."

In the absence of clear communication from the authorities, Teagan takes matters into her own hands, penning a heartfelt letter to her MP, John Bowen. It is a plea born out of desperation, a cry for help amidst the deafening silence that envelops her community. The response, while providing some semblance of reassurance, offers little in terms of concrete solutions, leaving Teagan and her family adrift in a sea of uncertainty.

"I wrote to my MP, John Bowen, after receiving no communication from Basildon Council. This was following an approach by ITV. Subsequently, they replied, stating that the entire house was made of Siporex and families would be moved out."

"The council has done little to support us; this situation has now lasted 7 months, and we still have no information at all. I am angry with the council because they have a track record for performing poorly."

The emotional toll is not lost on Teagan as she reflects on a decade spent nurturing their humble abode, transforming it into a place they proudly call home. The prospect of leaving behind cherished memories, uprooting beloved pets, and facing the daunting prospect of temporary accommodation weighs heavily on her heart.

We've lived here for over ten years," Teagan explained. "We had carpet fitted, repainted, and papered our walls, pouring our hearts into making this place a true home. Worse still, we have pets, and the thought of moving them fills us with dread. We don't want to be placed in temporary accommodation, and knowing that our estate is slated for demolition is utterly heartbreaking."

For Teagan and her family, the looming spectre of displacement is not merely a logistical challenge—it is a soul-crushing ordeal that threatens to unravel the very fabric of their lives. As they grapple with the uncertainty of what lies ahead, one thing remains certain—their unwavering resolve to weather the storm together, clinging to the hope that amidst the chaos, a glimmer of light will emerge, illuminating the path to a brighter tomorrow.

In the face of adversity, the residents of Knights Estate found strength in solidarity, refusing to accept a fate dictated by circumstance. As they navigate the murky waters of uncertainty, one thing remains certain—their unwavering determination to forge a better future, one cement shoebox at a time.

Residents affected by RAAC in Basildon are now rallying behind Hannah Chowdhry's petition for the establishment of a national fund to aid RAAC-affected communities across the UK. Your support can make a difference. Join us by signing our petition (here). Let's stand together to ensure that those impacted by RAAC receive the assistance they desperately need.

Relocation Realities: The Misery and Stress of Starting Over Amid Looming RAAC Evacuation

Ericas's home.

We urge you all to continue advocating for a national fund to aid affected homeowners and tenants. Please sign our petition (here)

Please join our UK RAAC Campaign Group Facebook page.

Moving into a new home is often seen as a fresh start, a step towards independence and stability. For many, it's a moment to cherish, a symbol of progress. However, for some, this journey is fraught with unexpected challenges and uncertainties, as Ms. Erica Mitchell has come to realize in her own experience.

Erica Mitchell

In December 2012, Ms. Mitchell made the significant decision to move into her current residence on Pentland Crescent in Torry, leaving behind the comfort of her parents' home in Kemnay, Aberdeenshire. The sense of freedom and autonomy that came with having a place of her own was invigorating. Yet, little did she know that this newfound independence would soon be tested by a series of trials that would shake the very foundation of her security.

The initial years in her new home were marked by the joys of independence and the excitement of decorating the space with the help of her parents. Their support was invaluable as they adorned the walls and furnished the rooms together. However, as time passed, Ms. Mitchell's father's health began to decline, robbing him of the ability to lend a hand as he once did. Her mother, burdened with concern for her husband's well-being and worry over their current situation, found herself torn between caring for her husband and supporting her daughter through their shared challenges.

Over the years, Ms. Mitchell had the opportunity to forge meaningful connections with her neighbors, forming a tight-knit community in the Balnagask area. However, the sense of camaraderie was soon overshadowed by the looming threat of the RAAC (Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete) issue that surfaced in November 2023. Initially met with cautious optimism, the gravity of the situation became apparent with the arrival of subsequent letters in February 2024, detailing the potential safety hazards posed by the materials used in their homes. Ms. Mitchell, explained:

"When we received our second letter in February 2024, informing us that one-on-one meetings would be held with tenants in March regarding RAAC and that our homes are potentially unsafe, I began to dread what would happen next."

The prospect of relocation, presented to them during one-on-one meetings with Housing Support Officers in March, cast a dark shadow over their community. Questions about why these concerns weren't addressed earlier lingered in her mind, echoing the collective sentiment of her neighbors. Ms. Mitchell, added:

"A Housing Support Officer came to see me at the beginning of last month to discuss things in a bit more detail, and I was informed that we might have to move due to the condition of this material. I asked why we were being informed about this now and why nothing came to light before."

As someone who grapples with mental health issues, the added stress and uncertainty have taken a toll on her well-being, leaving her feeling overwhelmed and apprehensive about the future. In an emotional response, Ms. Mitchell, said:

"I have mental health issues, including stress and anxiety, which make it difficult for me to cope. I've been feeling quite upset and tearful over this whole scenario, and the thought of having to pack up all my belongings to move elsewhere is unbearable. I realize that I'm probably not the only person who feels this way, as at the end of the day, we're all in the same boat. I keep thinking that I'll wake up from this nightmare one day and realize it's not happening, but unfortunately, it is."

Despite the challenges she faced, there was a glimmer of hope amidst the chaos. Recent discussions with the council about potential relocation options offered a ray of light in an otherwise uncertain landscape. However, the waiting game continued as she anxiously awaited further updates and guidance. Ms. Mitchell provided further details of her hopeful move.

"I received a phone call from someone at the council on Thursday (11th April) regarding viewing of a property in Kincorth, one of the areas I selected during my one-to-one meeting. I was informed that a housing officer would get in touch with me to arrange this, so I am currently waiting for that."

That hope was recently shattered, however, after Ms. Mitchell explored the offered property and discovered it met none of the criteria she had spent hours explaining to Housing Officers. She shared a Facebook post about her recent experience:

Erica has declined the initial offer, but she's concerned that rejecting another offer could result in her being removed from the Council's waiting list. This loss of priority would leave her facing the looming threat of homelessness.

An image of Erica's email to her housing officers.

As she reflects on this tumultuous chapter in her life, she is reminded of the resilience of the human spirit and the power of community in times of adversity. Though the road ahead may be fraught with challenges, Ms. Mitchell takes comfort in knowing that she is not alone in her struggles. Together, the community will navigate this uncertain terrain, drawing strength from each other as they try to forge a path toward a brighter tomorrow.

Wilson Chowdhry, of the UK RAAC Campaign Group, remarked:

"The situation faced by Erica Mitchell and countless other council tenants is nothing short of dire. 
Erica will bear a multitude of expenses associated with a move, yet she won't receive any compensation for the investments she made in her current property.

"Families with children are gripped with anxiety over potential disruptions to their schooling and the prospect of lengthy journeys to new schools.

"There are valid concerns regarding the affordability of rent in new areas. Torry's rental rates were notably competitive, and families may find themselves financially stretched by the increased costs.

"Compounding matters, delays in utility connections add to the frustration. Families are left wondering how long they'll have to wait for reimbursement of expenses they're entitled to but must pay upfront.

"The financial strain and emotional toll on individuals are significant, with potential repercussions spilling over to local mental health services, already under strain. This untenable situation is entirely the council's responsibility and cannot be ignored."

Following a recent tenants' meeting, where pertinent questions were raised, a response from the housing authority has left many feeling dissatisfied. It's crucial to note that any expenses incurred by tenants may not be reimbursed immediately, adding to local frustration.

Here's a breakdown of some of the queries and responses:

Q1. Post redirection: The housing authority assures that this will be covered under the Disturbance Payment.

Q2. Installation of new equipment: The cost of new aerials, Sky dishes, and internet/broadband setup will also fall under the Disturbance Payment.

Q3. Disconnection of utilities: If required, the housing authority will coordinate disconnection and plumbing services on the day of the move.

Q4. Disruption fee: While a £1500 home loss payment is offered, it may not be provided to all tenants. Those with housing arrears might not be eligible, which has sparked requests for reconsideration. However, tenants are assured support in reducing outstanding balances when moving.

Q5. Taking upgraded items: Tenants have expressed concern about being able to take upgraded items with them without incurring charges. The housing authority advises that all items, including flooring and window coverings, should be removed from the property. Any exceptions should be discussed with the Housing & Support Officer.

Q6. Time limit for moving and rental overlap: Tenants will be supported in moving as quickly as possible. In cases where there's an overlap of tenancies, the housing authority will assist with covering rental charges on the new tenancy.

Q7. Grant access and reimbursement: The housing authority mentions a grant available to tenants, but the criteria for eligibility and the purpose of the grant remain unclear. Tenants are concerned about timely reimbursement if they incur expenses themselves. The authority states that reimbursement will occur once keys are returned, but the process may take a few weeks.

Overall, tenants are left with mixed feelings about the responses received. While some concerns are addressed, others remain unanswered or unclear. Clarity and transparency from housing authorities are essential to alleviate tenant anxieties during what is already a stressful period of transition.

Safety Concerns Prompt Evacuation in Hirwaun: Trivallis Faces Criticism for Handling of Private Tenants

IMAGE: Mya's Home.

Please sign our petition calling for a national budget for those affected by RAAC and for a public inquiry into how local authorities created the current RAAC crises (here).

Please join our UK RAAC Campaign Group Facebook page.

On the 11th of March in Hirwaun, Rhondda Cynon Taff (RCT), more than 77 households found themselves facing an urgent evacuation notice due to safety concerns linked to reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete (RAAC) (click here). This unsettling development followed after Trivallis, a housing association overseeing numerous properties in Wales, unearthed critical issues with two properties and identified an additional 38 with similar designs potentially at risk. They later identified a further 20 of their own properties with RAAC concerns and 17 that are owner-occupied.

RAAC, a lightweight construction material prevalent between the 1950s and 1990s, has been the center of attention due to its lower cost and quicker production time. However, its aerated nature compromises its durability, with a typical lifespan of around 30 years.

Trivallis disclosed that 60 properties in the Gower Estate, along with 17 privately-owned ones, were affected. However, immediate evacuation orders were not issued. Nonetheless, arrangements for temporary accommodation were being made for affected residents, however, it seems that only one person has taken up the offer.

Despite Trivallis's assurances of ongoing support and a commitment to finding permanent solutions, reports surfaced indicating dissatisfaction among those to be relocated. Complaints ranged from inadequate utilities and facilities in temporary lodgings to minimal assistance with relocation costs and administrative tasks like enrolling children in new schools.

Private tenants, such as Mya Edwards, voiced their distress over the lack of clarity and support from Trivallis. Edwards recounted how she and her sister felt marginalized in the rehousing process, with limited options presented by both Trivallis and the local council. Their plight sheds light on the challenges faced by non-Trivallis tenants in securing assistance and understanding amid the crisis.

In her statement, Mya Edwards expressed the frustration of being dismissed by various agencies and organizations, despite the looming threat to their homes. She detailed how efforts to seek guidance from Trivallis and other entities yielded little to no results, leaving them feeling abandoned and vulnerable.

Abbie Edwards, Mya's sister, further highlighted the emotional toll of being told to vacate their homes within six months due to RAAC-related issues. She described the distress of seeking reassurance and clarity, only to encounter bureaucratic obstacles and indifferent responses.

"My sister and I found out about the problem with reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete (RAAC) in our homes on March 11th, 2023. We realized that all the homes in the area, including ours, were likely affected because they were built with the same materials. But when we asked Trivallis for help, they said they couldn't assist us as private tenants and told us to wait for the council to get in touch," explained Mya Edwards.

"This situation has caused us a lot of distress, especially because of our ADHD and BPD. We depend a lot on our family, who all live nearby, to help us with our mental health. The thought of having to move, especially with five children to care for, is really worrying for us. We really want to stay in the area we know, but not knowing what will happen next makes us even more anxious," she added.

"Imagine being told you have to leave your home within 6 months due to issues with reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete (RAAC) in your roof structure. As a mother with three children, all I needed was reassurance and clear guidance. But instead, every attempt I made to get information and help from different organizations – Trivallis, Homefinder, Environmental Health, Citizen Advice – was met with dismissal because I'm not a Trivallis tenant. While I get the difference, the truth is, my landlord isn't ready to offer other housing options when needed." expressed Abbie Edwards.

"Homefinder said they couldn't help until I was homeless with all my belongings on the street. Public Health Wales suggested I contact them directly, which felt like passing responsibility. The lack of support, guidance, or even acknowledgment of our situation has seriously affected my health. Shockingly, Trivallis tenants get priority for rehousing while private tenants like me are left to manage on our own. I didn't want to complain on social media, but the treatment I've received lately is unacceptable. Even landlords and long-term homeowners in the same situation are being ignored. Although the email I got was professional, my phone conversations were not helpful. It's time for a change – everyone affected by this situation deserves equal help."

The Edwards sisters' experiences underscore a broader issue of inequity in Trivallis's response to the housing crisis. While Trivallis tenants receive priority rehousing, private tenants like the Edwards sisters find themselves navigating a maze of bureaucratic red tape without adequate support or recourse - private tenants in former council homes face a similar plight.  The two sisters are championing Hannah Chowdhry's petition, which advocates for local authorities to be held accountable, calls for a public inquiry, and urges the establishment of a national fund to assist citizens affected by RAAC in the UK (click here).

Wilson Chowdhry a member of the UK RAAC Campaign Group, said:

"As the evacuation and rehousing efforts continue, it's imperative for Trivallis and relevant authorities to address the concerns raised by private tenants. 

"Transparency, accountability, and equitable treatment for all affected individuals, regardless of their tenant status, should be paramount. 

"Private tenants share similar urgent concerns with council tenants. They also face relocation costs and numerous other expenses that must be covered if evacuation becomes necessary."

"It's unjust to burden landlords with the cost of addressing an issue they were never informed about when purchasing these properties."

Mya Edwards has voiced concerns regarding some roofs being given a pitched covering several years ago. The reason behind this action was never explained, leading her and other local residents to suspect that reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete (RAAC) might have been uncovered at that time, and these pitched coverings were intended to shield the RAAC. Similar suspicions have arisen in both Torry and Bathgate, where residents also believe that local authorities might have been aware of RAAC much earlier than they are currently admitting.

Hope on the Horizon: Advocating for Relief for RAAC-Affected Homeowners and Tenants

Please join UK RAAC Campaign Group Facebook page.

Politicians are beginning to acknowledge the severity of the RAAC crisis, offering a glimmer of hope for affected homeowners and tenants.

Hannah Chowdhry, Chair of the Torry Community RAAC Campaign, received an email from MSP Michael Marra on April 3, 2024. In the email, Marra's caseworker referred to previous correspondence regarding RAAC in properties in Balnagask. The email included a response from the Scottish Government, penned by Shirley-Anne Somerville MSP, the Cabinet Secretary for Social Justice. While Somerville reiterated homeowner responsibility, she hinted at potential progress in the final paragraphs. Somerville mentioned ongoing discussions about long-term solutions and collaboration with Aberdeen City Council, acknowledging the strain on the Capital Budget but expressing hope for additional funding. 

We feel this news should spark optimism among campaigners, we urge you all to continue advocating for a national fund to aid affected homeowners and tenants.  Please sign our petition (here)

In her email, MSP Somerville, wrote:

"The long-term options available to homeowners will be considered as part of the council’s ongoing options appraisal for the site. This will consider the best approach to remove or remediate the high risk RAAC that has been identified. As part of this, the Scottish Government will continue to work closely with Aberdeen City Council to understand the costs involved. However, as you are aware, the Capital Budget is under considerable strain and remains overcommitted in this and future years. There are no available funds to put towards a national pot of money for RAAC remediation. Whilst the Chancellor has committed to spend what was necessary, and we would expect to see new funding made available, this has not been forthcoming. Ultimately, it will be for local authorities to determine what support is available to homeowners, taking into account local priorities."

"We have asked Aberdeen City Council to keep Ministers up to date with the progress of their options appraisal, to ensure that we understand early what impact this will have on homeowners. We have also urged them to keep elected members fully up to date with progress on their re-homing plan and options appraisal, so that you can be assured that your constituents are receiving the necessary support."

We choose to remain hopeful as discussions have indicated the possibility of a national fund, despite its initial rejection. The Chancellor's commitment to spending what is necessary and the expectation of additional funding yet to be realized are reasons for optimism. We must maintain hope that the Chancellor will make a positive decision. We urge everyone to redouble their efforts in advocating for the approval of a national fund to support homeowners and tenants affected by this crisis.

On the same day, Hannah Chowdhry received an email from Cllr Michael Kusznir. Kusznir shared information about Liam Kerr MSP's Parliamentary Question response regarding RAAC and Home Reports. Additionally, Kusznir informed Chowdhry about his Notice of Motion on RAAC and support for private owners, scheduled for April's Full Council meeting on April 17, 2024. This correspondence proves invaluable as it provides an opportunity for local input into allocating public funds to assist struggling homeowners and tenants. Hannah Chowdhry, along with her father Wilson Chowdhry, has applied for a deputation to ensure that new information is shared and to emphasize the critical need for support for homeowners and private tenants, both of whom have been overlooked in early decision-making processes. Additionally, they aim to advocate for expanding provisions to aid struggling council tenants.

We share the positive contents of Cllr Kusznir's email:

"I have undernoted the response that my Party colleague Liam Kerr MSP received in relation to a further Parliamentary Question on RAAC, specifically in relation to Home Reports. This reiterates my experience of speaking with surveyors who certainly consider that they will have no liability.

"I have also lodged a Notice of Motion on RAAC and the support available for private owners for April's Full Council meeting. It is on 17 April 2024."

We hope that people will join us for a protest outside Marischal College from 9am on April 17th. Anyone in attendance can then join us in the public gallery, allowing us to truly make our presence felt.

Wilson Chowdhry a member of the UK RAAC Campaign Group, said:

"I hope no one has overlooked the crucial point conveyed by the Scottish Government in MSP Somerville's response.

"She has unequivocally stated that individual councils will determine the extent of support available to homeowners, private tenants, and council tenants.

"Should a national fund materialize, it will allocate resources based on each local authority's proposals. This is a point I've emphasized in previous blog posts and public meetings.

"RAAC-affected individuals must urge their councils to make the right decisions. Claims of unavailable funding are merely a diversion.

"Funding can be secured later; it's important to remember that no council can declare bankruptcy, and governments will intervene when deficits become unmanageable."

Hannah Chowdhry is also reaching out to the Lord Provost and Convener of Aberdeen City Council, Cllr David Cameron, seeking his support for our campaign.

Avon Drive Residents in Linlithgow Bridge Demand Action Amid RAAC Crisis: Calls for Accountability and Support Rise

Alison and Scott before their home

Please join the UK RAAC CAMPAIGN GROUP on Facebook!

Avon Drive, a residential estate in Linlithgow Bridge, West Lothian, is facing a pressing issue: the presence of Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (RAAC) in some homes. 

This discovery has prompted a wave of concern among the 52 homeowners and 11 tenants within the affected properties.

In early February, residents received letters from West Lothian Council, notifying them of the RAAC presence in homes still owned by the local authority. Understandably, this news has triggered apprehension regarding the safety of their residences, potential financial burdens, and the inability to sell their properties.

In response to this alarming revelation, the homeowners convened their inaugural meeting on the 4th of April. Despite the absence of local councillors, the gathering proved fruitful as attendees received valuable guidance from a local structural engineer. With over 40 participants in attendance, the meeting served as a platform to discuss crucial next steps.

Chief among their concerns is the financial strain imposed by the necessary surveys, insurance complications, and the exorbitant costs associated with RAAC removal. Many residents, particularly retirees and those already grappling with high mortgage payments, find themselves financially ill-equipped to address these challenges.

The timing of this crisis is particularly daunting as it unfolds amidst a broader cost-of-living crisis, exacerbated by governmental errors. The residents emphasize that they lack the resources to shoulder the financial burden alone.

Moreover, the residents express dismay at the apparent lack of engagement from local authorities and government agencies. They highlight growing evidence from other parts of West Lothian and across Scotland, indicating a systemic failure to address similar issues promptly.

In light of these concerns, residents of Avon Drive are mobilizing to demand urgent financial assistance from local councillors, Member of Parliament Martyn Day, and Member of Scottish Parliament Fiona Hyslop. Furthermore, they call for a public inquiry to thoroughly investigate the origins of the crisis and hold responsible parties to account.

The plight of Avon Drive residents underscores the urgent need for proactive measures to safeguard homeowners facing similar predicaments across Scotland. Without swift intervention and comprehensive support, these communities risk enduring prolonged uncertainty and financial hardship. Authorities must heed their calls and take decisive action to address this pressing issue.

One homeowner, Alison, shared her sentiments regarding the issue with Wilson Chowdhry of the UK RAAC Campaign Group. She said:

"My husband Scott and I have lived in the house for almost 8 years with our two children. It’s needed a fair bit of work and we have poured hard-earned savings into trying to upgrade it, including a new roof 5 years ago and renewing the rough cast. This home was our investment in our future and we are devastated by this development. We are supporting our daughter at university with our son following in a year and like many others, our mortgage payments have rocketed. We keep our heads above water but absolutely do not have the funds to rectify this problem."

"It feels like no one is willing to listen to us and there are brick walls around vital information. Why were these materials used? Did local authorities knowingly sell off housing stock they knew were storing up problems? When were they first aware of problems? Why did they not deal with this problem when it arose in Deans? So many unanswered questions that need a public enquiry to address."

"I was extremely anxious after receiving the letter from West Lothian Council. I found it difficult to sleep and it was becoming overwhelming. I decided to set up a WhatsApp for the homeowners in Avon Drive and organise a meeting. The response has been incredible and the anger and worry in that room was palpable. We want answers and we want support from the government."

Alison and other residents of Linlithgow are rallying behind the petition initiated by Hannah Chowdhry. The petition calls for a national fund to assist individuals impacted by the RAAC crisis, the initiation of a public inquiry into local authorities and their role in the RAAC dilemma, and the enactment of new laws to safeguard homebuyers from future RAAC or similar ex-council building issues. Signing the petition does not necessitate being directly affected; it is open to anyone who cares about the welfare of affected individuals. You can access the petition (here).

Wilson Chowdhry, a member of the UK RAAC Campaign Group, said:

"Accountability is paramount in this situation, particularly when it's glaringly evident that local authorities are implicated.

"In locales like Aberdeen City, it seems a clearance operation is underway, with unsightly buildings being demolished, yet without adequate compensation for residents who were sold these substandard homes by the council.

"Council tenants are being forced to uproot their lives with scant resources provided to compensate for their investments in rental properties, their cherished homes, or to cover the substantial relocation costs.

"Local authorities across Scotland and the rest of the UK are claiming poverty, citing stretched budgets that supposedly hinder them from offering fuller support to homeowners and private tenants, while bureaucratic indifference tightens its grip on local decisions.

"The Scottish Government has stated they will not support homeowners and haven't even addressed the impact on affected private tenants, feigning budgetary constraints as they allow the latest Scottish clearances to proceed.

"Rishi Sunak, the UK Prime Minister, has declared no support will be provided to UK homeowners, asserting that housing falls under the remit of the devolved Scottish Government, which he claims has the funds to resolve the matter. At that time, he may not have been aware that several English councils were affected. We must now redouble our efforts to compel all parties involved to engage and find a solution to aid thousands of homeowners and tenants who face crippling financial debt and homelessness due to cost-saving measures employed by local authorities when building homes."